What is the oldest civilization?
The oldest known civilization is Mesopotamia, which emerged around 3100 BCE in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians developed the first writing system (cuneiform), cities, government, and agriculture. Other early civilizations include Ancient Egypt (3100 BCE), the Indus Valley (3300 BCE), and Ancient China (2000 BCE). These societies built complex social structures and advanced technologies. Mesopotamia remains the first true civilization in history.
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